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Open up a research paper on supercapacitor electrodes or oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts, and chances are you'll find an SEM image of the active material grown directly on a silvery, porous surface, nickel foam. This 3D porous substrate has become the standard choice in thousands of research papers because it allows active material to be grown directly on its surface without a binder, eliminating the extra contact resistance that typically arises when material is coated via...

When battery researchers want to test the true performance of a new electrode material, they deliberately avoid the microporous polymer separators used in commercial batteries, since the added ionic resistance those separators introduce can obscure the actual results of the material under evaluation. The solution is a glass fiber separator with porosity above 90%, far higher than commercial polymer separators, which typically sit below 50%, adding almost no resistance to electrolyte ion...

Testing any new battery material, whether it's an electrode, an electrolyte, or a separator, calls for a standardized cell format that can be reproduced reliably, and that's where the CR2032 coin cell comes in. This format is used widely across battery research labs worldwide because it's compact, requires only a small amount of material, and delivers results that can be compared consistently between labs. But that testing performance depends heavily on something that's easy to overlook: the...